Zōho Shoshū Butsuzō Zui — Illustrated Encyclopedia of Buddhist Iconography
増補諸宗佛像圖彙 — Japan, Edo Period. First published in 1690; expanded five-volume edition of 1783. Illustrations by Tosa Hidenobu (Ki no Hidenobu).
Zōho Shoshū Butsuzō Zui ("Expanded Illustrated Compendium of Buddhist Images of Various Schools") is a Japanese encyclopedia of religious iconography, bringing together representations of Buddhist deities, historical figures, members of different religious traditions, and ritual objects.
The original three-volume Butsuzō Zui was published in 1690, during the Genroku era. In 1783, the artist Tosa Hidenobu (土佐秀信, also 紀秀信) prepared a substantially expanded edition organized into five volumes. This edition contains 826 illustrated entries. Subsequent woodblock-printed editions are documented for 1792, 1796, and 1832.
The encyclopedia was conceived as a systematic visual reference. Each illustration is accompanied by the name of its subject and, in many cases, brief information about its origins, religious function, iconographic attributes, and associated traditions.
The five volumes include Buddhas and bodhisattvas; Myōō, the wrathful protectors of Buddhist teachings; heavenly deities; the Twelve Divine Generals of Yakushi Nyorai; the Thirty Buddhas of the monthly calendar; Shinto deities; the Ten Kings of the Afterlife; arhats; Buddhist patriarchs; and historical religious figures.
Among the illustrations are various representations of Shakyamuni Buddha, the nine forms of Amitabha, the Chinese Buddhist master Fu Dashi with his two sons, and Prince Shōtoku, who played an important role in the early history of Japanese Buddhism. The final part of the encyclopedia also includes figures associated with different Buddhist schools, their religious traditions, and illustrations of ritual implements.
One important feature of Butsuzō Zui is its presentation of Buddhist and Shinto iconography within a single reference work. The encyclopedia documents the religious culture of Edo-period Japan, when Buddhist and indigenous religious traditions were closely interconnected and images of deities were used in temple practice, religious education, and artistic workshops.
All illustrations were produced using traditional woodblock printing, with images and text printed from carved wooden blocks onto Japanese paper. Surviving copies make it possible to trace the publication history of the work throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, from the expanded edition of 1783 to numerous subsequent impressions, some printed using earlier woodblocks.
The five-volume encyclopedia is an important historical source for the study of Japanese Buddhism, religious iconography, and the history of Japanese illustrated books.
The Copy in the Riga Gallery of Japanese Art Collection
The gallery's collection includes three consecutive volumes — II, III, and IV — from the expanded five-volume edition. All three volumes are complete, containing 21, 24, and 19 folded leaves respectively.
The rear endpaper of Volume III preserves a printed publisher's advertisement for Chazan-ō Fude no Susabi, a Japanese work published in 1857. Volume IV contains a handwritten inscription dated 1863.
The books are original Edo-period woodblock-printed editions, provisionally attributed to the late 18th century. The exact printing and publisher of this particular set have not yet been established.